Myelodysplastic syndrome (also called myelodysplasia or MDS) affects blood stem cells. People with MDS don’t have enough healthy blood cells. MDS can cause anemia, frequent infections and bleeding that won’t stop. Some people with MDS develop acute myeloid leukemia. MDS treatment focuses on keeping it from getting worse.
Myelodysplastic syndrome (also called myelodysplasia or more recently, myelodysplastic neoplasm) refers to a group of cancers that keep your blood (hematopoietic) stem cells from maturing into healthy blood cells. Without enough healthy blood cells, you may develop serious conditions like anemia, frequent infections and bleeding that won’t stop. Some people with MDS may develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MDS is rare. It affects about 4 in 100,000 people in the U.S. each year. If you have MDS, your healthcare providers will focus treatment on slowing its progress, easing your symptoms and treating the conditions it causes.
There are six MDS types. Healthcare providers categorize the condition after reviewing results of tests that show:
People with lower-than-usual red blood cells have anemia, which may make them feel weak and short of breath.
Blasts take up space in your bone marrow, leaving less room for healthy blood cells. If you don’t have enough healthy white blood cells, you may have frequent infections. If you don’t have enough healthy platelets, you may have bleeding that won’t stop.
Sideroblasts are immature red blood cells that store iron instead of using it to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that helps your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. It needs iron to do that. If pathologists spot sideroblasts, it means your hemoglobin isn’t working as it should.
Chromosomes are the parts of our cells that contain genes. Genes are made of DNA. Unusual chromosomes may mean something has affected your DNA, causing changes in your blood cell chromosomes.
You can have MDS without having any symptoms. Sometimes, people learn they have a type of this syndrome after having routine blood tests. Low levels of red blood cells (anemia) are the most common symptom. But anemia symptoms and other MDS symptoms can resemble other less serious conditions.
Check with your healthcare provider if you notice the following changes, particularly changes that don’t go away within a few weeks:
People seem to develop MDS in one of two ways: They participate in activities that increase their risk of developing the syndrome or they inherit certain conditions.
Healthcare providers may call this therapy-related MDS or tMDS. Generally speaking, tMDS symptoms may appear five to seven years after therapy.
Between 4% and 15% of people with this condition have inherited conditions that increase the chance they’ll have the disease. Those conditions include:
This is a rare genetic condition where your bone marrow doesn’t produce enough healthy blood cells.
This is another rare genetic condition where your bone marrow doesn’t produce enough healthy blood cells.
This is a rare blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow doesn’t produce enough red blood cells.
Providers take several steps to diagnose myelodysplastic syndrome:
Your provider will draw blood samples to analyze your red and white blood cells, including counting the number of each white blood cell type.
They’ll check your blood sample for changes in the number, type, shape, and size of blood cells, and if you have too much iron in your red blood cells.
A medical pathologist looks for changes in your blood cell chromosomes by viewing a blood sample under a microscope.
To do this procedure, your provider inserts a hollow needle into your hipbone to remove bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone for examination under a microscope.
Providers evaluate or stage the condition based on the risk that the syndrome will become acute myeloid leukemia (AML). They use a risk rating system called the International Prognostic Scoring System. Here are factors that providers consider:
Healthcare providers consider several factors when developing MDS treatment plans:
Treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome may include supportive care and treatment to get rid of unhealthy blood cells. Supportive care may include:
If you have anemia, you may receive red blood cell transfusions. If you have bleeding issues, you may receive platelet transfusions.
This treatment boosts your mature red blood cell levels.
MDS may affect your white blood cells and increase your risk of infections.
Treatments to get rid of unhealthy blood cells may include:
Healthcare providers may use the same chemotherapy that’s used to treat AML.
Providers may use this treatment for certain MDS subtypes. Immunosuppressive therapy suppresses overactive immune systems and may help reduce the need for transfusions.
Stem cell transplants replace your blood-forming cells with stem cells obtained from your blood or bone marrow or a donor’s blood or bone marrow. The stem cells are frozen and stored while you receive chemotherapy. Then, the stem cells are thawed and returned to you via intravenous infusion. Your re-infused cells then grow into and restore your blood cells.
These treatments have different side effects and complications. As you’re thinking about treatment options, ask your healthcare provider about each option’s side effects and complications.
People with myelodysplasia may benefit from palliative care. This care helps people manage MDS symptoms and treatment side effects. Just as important, it may help people manage the emotional impact of living with a chronic disease.
MDS affects people in different ways. Some people have MDS but no symptoms. If that’s your situation, your provider may recommend blood tests every three months to monitor any changes in your blood stem cells. If you have MDS and are receiving supportive treatment such as blood transfusions, you may need more treatment to reduce how many blood transfusions you need. Here are some steps you can take that may support your treatment:
Ask your healthcare provider about tobacco cessation programs.
Remember that MDS is a chronic illness that healthcare providers can treat but they can’t cure. Not everyone will understand what you’re going through. It may help to talk to others who share your experience. Your healthcare team may be able to help you find programs and resources.
Myelodysplastic syndrome can cause conditions like anemia, bleeding issues, and infections. You should go to the emergency room any time you:
A fever may be a sign you have an infection.
Myelodysplastic syndrome is rare, so you’ll likely have many questions about what you can expect. Here are some questions you may want to ask your healthcare provider:
